How do I freeze my credit and why should I do it?

A credit freeze, formally called a security freeze, tells credit bureaus not to release your credit file to lenders processing new credit applications. Without your credit file, a lender cannot approve a new card, loan, or account in your name. This means that even if a fraudster has your Social Security number, date of birth, and address, they cannot open new accounts unless you temporarily lift the freeze.

In the United States, placing a freeze is free at all three major bureaus: Equifax (equifax.com), Experian (experian.com), and TransUnion (transunion.com). You must freeze at all three separately — freezing one does not affect the others, and lenders use any of the three. The process takes about five minutes per bureau online or by phone. You will receive a PIN or password to use when you want to temporarily unfreeze, which you do when you are actively applying for credit, then refreeze afterward.

A freeze does not affect your existing accounts, your credit score, your ability to use current credit cards, or your ability to check your own credit report. It only blocks new credit applications. It is different from a credit lock, which some bureaus offer as a paid subscription product with faster toggling but less legal protection than a formal freeze.

Consider placing a freeze proactively — you do not need to be a victim of identity theft to benefit. Given how many data breaches have exposed SSNs and personal data, most security experts now recommend a credit freeze as a standard preventive measure for adults who are not actively applying for credit.