Loading…
Loading…
Common scams and official reporting routes by country. Always verify emergency and reporting details against official sources for your country.
Common scams affecting tourists and residents in Thailand, plus how and where to report them.
EuropeThe most common scams in the UK and how to report them via Action Fraud, your bank, and 159.
North AmericaTop scams in the United States and how to report to the FTC, FBI IC3, and your bank.
OceaniaCommon scams in Australia and how to report them to Scamwatch, ReportCyber, and your bank.
Middle EastCommon scams in the UAE and how to report them via the eCrime platform and Dubai Police.
Southeast AsiaScams associated with Cambodia, including organised 'scam compound' operations, and how to report.
South AsiaCommon scams in India and how to report quickly via the 1930 helpline and cybercrime.gov.in.
Southeast AsiaCommon scams in the Philippines and how to report to the PNP Anti-Cybercrime Group and your bank.
North AmericaCommon scams targeting Canadians and how to report them to the CAFC, your bank, and local police.
EuropeCommon scams in Ireland and how to report to An Garda Síochána, the CCPC, and your bank.
OceaniaCommon scams in New Zealand and how to report to CERT NZ, Netsafe, and your bank.
EuropeCommon scams in Germany and how to report to the BSI, state police, and your bank.
EuropeCommon scams in France and how to report via cybermalveillance.gouv.fr, SignalConso, and your bank.
EuropeCommon scams in Spain and how to report to INCIBE, the Policía Nacional, and your bank.
Southeast AsiaCommon scams in Singapore and how to report via ScamShield, the SPF, and your bank.
Southeast AsiaCommon scams in Malaysia and how to report via PDRM, the NSRC hotline 997, and your bank.
AfricaCommon scams in Nigeria and how to report to the EFCC, FCCPC, and your bank.
AfricaCommon scams in South Africa and how to report to SAPS, SAFPS, and your bank.
Latin AmericaCommon scams in Mexico and how to report to Condusef, the Policía Cibernética, and your bank.
East AsiaCommon scams in Japan and how to report to the National Police Agency, NPA @police, and your bank.
EuropeCommon scams in Italy and how to report them via the Polizia Postale, AGCM, and your bank.
EuropeCommon scams in the Netherlands and how to report to the politie, Fraudehelpdesk, and your bank.
EuropeCommon scams in Sweden and how to report to the Swedish Police, Konsumentverket, and your bank.
EuropeCommon scams in Poland and how to report to CERT Polska, the police, UOKiK, and your bank.
EuropeCommon scams in Portugal and how to report via the Cybercrime Office, PSP, and your bank.
EuropeCommon scams in Switzerland and how to report to the NCSC, cantonal police, and your bank.
Southeast AsiaCommon scams in Indonesia and how to report via Patroli Siber, the national police, and your bank.
Southeast AsiaCommon scams in Vietnam and how to report to the Ministry of Public Security and your bank.
East AsiaCommon scams in South Korea and how to report via the police ECRM portal, KISA 118, and your bank.
Latin AmericaCommon scams in Brazil and how to report via SaferNet, consumidor.gov.br, and your bank.
Latin AmericaCommon scams in Argentina and how to report via Ciberdelito, Defensa del Consumidor, and your bank.
EuropeCommon scams in Turkey and how to report to the Cyber Crimes department, BTK, and your bank.
EuropeCommon scams in Belgium and how to report them to the CCB, Belgian Federal Police, and your bank.
EuropeCommon scams in Denmark and how to report them to the Danish Police, your bank, and the National Special Crime Unit.
EuropeCommon scams in Norway and how to report them to the Norwegian Police, Forbrukertilsynet, and your bank.
EuropeCommon scams in Austria and how to report them to the Bundeskriminalamt, police, and your bank.
EuropeCommon scams in Greece and how to report them to the Hellenic Police Cyber Crime Division, and your bank.
EuropeCommon scams in Czechia and how to report them to the Czech Police, NÚKIB, and your bank.
EuropeCommon scams in Romania and how to report them to DNSC, the Romanian Police, and your bank.
East AsiaCommon scams in Hong Kong and how to report them to the HKPF, the ADCC hotline 18222, and your bank.
East AsiaCommon scams in Taiwan and how to report them via the 165 Anti-Fraud Hotline, NPA, and your bank.
Middle EastCommon scams in Saudi Arabia and how to report them via the National Portal, NCA, and your bank.
AfricaCommon scams in Egypt and how to report them to EG-CERT, the Cybercrime Unit hotline 108, and your bank.
AfricaCommon scams in Kenya and how to report them to KE-CIRT, the DCI, and your bank or M-Pesa provider.
EuropeCommon scams in Finland and how to report them to the Finnish Police, KKV, and your bank.
Middle EastCommon scams in Israel and how to report them to the CERT-IL hotline 119, the Consumer Protection Authority, and your bank.
Middle EastCommon scams in Qatar and how to report them to the NCSA, Ministry of Interior, and your bank.
Latin AmericaCommon scams in Colombia and how to report them to the Policía Nacional CAI Virtual, SIC, and your bank.
Latin AmericaCommon scams in Chile and how to report them to CSIRT Nacional, SERNAC, the PDI, and your bank.
South AsiaCommon scams in Pakistan and how to report them to the NCCIA, FIA, and your bank.
South AsiaCommon scams affecting people in Bangladesh and how to report them via the CID Cyber Police Centre, DNCRP, and your bank.
South AsiaCommon scams in Sri Lanka and how to report them via Sri Lanka CERT, the Consumer Affairs Authority, and your bank.
EuropeCommon scams in Ukraine and how to report them to the Cyber Police, the State Consumer Service, and your bank.
EuropeCommon scams in Hungary and how to report them to the Hungarian Police, the Consumer Protection Authority, and your bank.
AfricaCommon scams in Morocco and how to report them via the DGSN E-Blagh platform, the Ministry of Commerce, and your bank.
Middle EastCommon scams in Jordan and how to report them to the Anti-Cybercrime Unit, the Public Security Directorate, and your bank.
East AsiaCommon scams targeting tourists and residents in China, including online fraud, investment schemes, and counterfeit goods, with guidance on reporting through official channels.
South AmericaCommon scams targeting visitors and residents in Peru, from Machu Picchu tourist traps to online investment fraud, with official reporting channels.
West AfricaCommon scams in Ghana including advance-fee fraud, romance schemes, and online investment fraud, with official reporting channels.
EuropeCommon scams affecting tourists and residents in Iceland, including holiday rental fraud and online investment schemes, with official reporting channels.
EuropeCommon scams affecting tourists and residents in Croatia, from Dubrovnik overcharging to online investment fraud, with official reporting channels.
EuropeCommon scams in Estonia, one of Europe's most digitally advanced countries, from phishing and e-ID fraud to investment schemes, with official reporting channels.
EuropeCommon scams in Lithuania from online banking phishing and investment fraud to tourist overcharging, with official reporting channels.
EuropeCommon scams in Bulgaria including Black Sea resort overcharging, online investment fraud and phishing, with official reporting channels.
Middle EastCommon scams in Kuwait including cyber fraud, fake payment links, investment schemes, and phone impersonation fraud, with official reporting channels.
Middle EastCommon scams in Oman including cyber fraud, investment schemes, and tourist-area overcharging, with official reporting channels via the Royal Oman Police.
South AsiaCommon scams targeting trekkers and tourists in Nepal, from Everest permit fraud to online job and investment scams, with official reporting channels.
Latin AmericaCommon scams targeting tourists and residents in Costa Rica, from rental car damage claims to rapidly rising digital banking fraud, with official OIJ reporting channels.
Latin AmericaCommon scams affecting tourists and residents in Ecuador, plus how to report them through official channels.
Latin AmericaCommon scams in Panama and how to report them to the National Police, the DIJ, and your bank.
Latin AmericaCommon scams affecting tourists and residents in Guatemala and how to report them through official channels.
CaribbeanCommon scams in the Dominican Republic and how to report them to the National Police, CNCS, and your bank.
Latin AmericaCommon scams in Uruguay and how to report them to the Ministry of Interior cybercrime unit and your bank.
East AfricaCommon scams in Tanzania and how to report them to the Tanzania Police Force and your bank or mobile money provider.
East AfricaCommon scams in Uganda and how to report them to the Uganda Police Force, CID Cybercrime Unit, and your mobile money provider.
West AfricaCommon scams in Senegal and how to report them to the Police Nationale, gendarmerie, and your bank.
Middle EastCommon scams in Bahrain and how to report them to the NCSC, Police Media Center, and your bank.
Middle EastCommon scams in Lebanon and how to report them to the ISF Cybercrime Bureau and your bank.
Central EuropeCommon scams in Slovakia and how to report them to the Slovak Police, CSIRT.SK, and the Slovak Trade Inspection.
Central EuropeCommon scams in Slovenia and how to report them to the Slovenian Police, consumer protection authorities, and your bank.
Northern EuropeCommon scams in Latvia and how to report them to the State Police, PTAC, and CERT.LV.
Southeast AsiaScams operating in and from Myanmar, including fraud compound operations, and how to protect yourself.
South AmericaCommon scams targeting tourists and residents in Bolivia, with guidance on how to report fraud through official channels.
South AmericaA guide to scams in Paraguay, from street fraud targeting visitors to online investment and job scams, with official reporting steps.
South AmericaA guide to scams affecting people in Venezuela, from street crime and currency fraud to online investment and romance scams.
Western EuropeA guide to scams in Luxembourg, covering online fraud, investment scams and consumer protection resources.
Southern EuropeA guide to scams targeting tourists and residents in Cyprus, including online fraud and investment schemes.
Southern EuropeA guide to scams in Malta, covering tourist fraud, online phishing and investment schemes with official reporting guidance.
Southeast EuropeA guide to scams in Serbia covering tourist fraud, online phishing and investment schemes, with guidance on reporting to Serbian authorities.
CaucasusA guide to scams in Georgia (the Caucasus country), including tourist fraud, online phishing and investment schemes.
East AsiaA guide to scams in Mongolia, from tourist fraud in Ulaanbaatar to online investment and job scams.
Central AsiaA guide to scams in Kazakhstan, from Almaty tourist fraud to online investment and telephone scams.
Southeast AsiaCommon scams targeting tourists and residents in Laos, with official reporting routes through LaoCERT and the national police.
EuropeCommon scams affecting residents and visitors in Moldova, with reporting routes through cybercrime.mai.gov.md and the police.
CaribbeanCommon scams targeting tourists and residents in Jamaica, with official reporting routes through the Jamaica Constabulary Force.
CaribbeanCommon scams in Trinidad and Tobago, with official reporting routes through TT-CSIRT and the Trinidad and Tobago Police Service.
Central AmericaCommon scams affecting tourists and residents in Honduras, with official reporting routes through the Policia Nacional.
Central AmericaCommon scams affecting tourists and residents in El Salvador, with official reporting routes through the PNC.
Central AmericaCommon scams targeting tourists and residents in Belize, with official reporting routes through the Belize Police Department.
EuropeCommon scams affecting tourists and residents in Montenegro, with official reporting routes through the Ministry of Interior.
EuropeCommon scams affecting tourists and residents in Albania, with official reporting routes through the Albanian State Police.
AfricaCommon scams affecting tourists and residents in Botswana, with official reporting routes through the Botswana Police Service.
AfricaCommon scams affecting tourists and residents in Zimbabwe, with official reporting routes through the Zimbabwe Republic Police.
AfricaCommon scams affecting tourists and residents in Zambia, with official reporting routes through the Zambia Police Service.
AfricaCommon scams affecting tourists and residents in Rwanda, with official reporting routes through the Rwanda National Police and Rwanda Investigation Bureau.
AfricaCommon scams affecting tourists and residents in Ethiopia, with official reporting routes through the Ethiopian Federal Police and EthioCSIRT.
AfricaCommon scams affecting tourists and residents in Mozambique, with official reporting routes through the PRM and the Attorney General fraud portal.
AfricaCommon scams affecting tourists and residents in Tunisia, with official reporting routes through the Ministry of Interior.
AfricaCommon scams affecting tourists and residents in Algeria, with official reporting routes through the Ministry of Interior.
PacificCommon scams affecting tourists and residents in Fiji, with official reporting routes through the Fiji Police Force.
South AsiaCommon scams affecting tourists and residents in the Maldives, with official reporting routes through the Maldives Police Service.
Central AsiaCommon scams affecting tourists and residents in Uzbekistan, with official reporting routes through the Ministry of Internal Affairs and UZCERT.
AsiaAfghanistan's collapsed banking system, sanctions and lack of functioning consumer-protection institutions make hawala fraud, fake resettlement schemes and job scams the biggest risks.
EuropeAndorra's low-crime, high-wealth ski and shopping tourism economy attracts fake chalet rentals, duty-free retail fraud and investment schemes trading on its tax-haven reputation.
AfricaAngola's oil- and diamond-driven economy and growing mobile-money sector fuel resource-investment fraud, customs scams and mobile-money phishing.
CaribbeanAntigua and Barbuda's tourism and Citizenship-by-Investment programme attract fake resort rentals, unaccredited citizenship agents and offshore investment fraud.
AsiaArmenia's large global diaspora, growing IT/crypto sector and post-Soviet fraud patterns drive diaspora property scams, unlicensed trading platforms and job fraud tied to labor migration.
AsiaAzerbaijan's oil-driven economy and mobile-banking growth fuel fake energy-sector investment pitches, mobile-payment phishing and job fraud targeting migrant workers.
CaribbeanAs a major cruise and offshore-banking destination, the Bahamas sees timeshare pressure sales, fake excursion bookings and offshore investment schemes trading on its financial-center reputation.
CaribbeanBarbados' high-end tourism and Welcome Stamp remote-worker programme attract fake villa rentals, timeshare pressure sales and fraudulent visa-processing agents.
EuropeBelarus combines Soviet-legacy fraud patterns with newer online scams, including bank phishing, classifieds fraud and job schemes luring workers to Russia or Poland.
AfricaBenin's CFA franc economy and mobile-money growth make advance-fee ('419-style') fraud, mobile-money phishing and fake customs demands the leading threats.
AsiaBhutan's tightly controlled, licensed-operator tourism model means the main risk is fake trekking bookings that bypass official channels, alongside limited online banking phishing.
EuropeBosnia and Herzegovina's Balkan tourism boom and diaspora property market attract fake rental listings, unlicensed 'war tour' guides and diaspora real-estate fraud.
AsiaBrunei's small, high-income, tightly regulated economy has low street-crime scam risk, but faces growing online investment fraud, bank-phishing and cross-border job-scam recruitment.
AfricaBurkina Faso's security and economic challenges, alongside a growing mobile-money economy, drive advance-fee fraud, mobile-money phishing and gold-investment scams.
AfricaBurundi's limited digital infrastructure and cash-based, coffee-export economy shape a scam landscape built around mobile-money phishing and diaspora-targeted advance-fee fraud.
AfricaCameroon sees a mix of West/Central African advance-fee fraud, mobile-money scams and romance scams targeting foreigners online, alongside overcharging risks for tourists in Douala and Yaoundé.
AfricaCape Verde is generally low-risk for violent crime, but tourists face timeshare pressure, taxi overcharging and petty theft, while online users should watch for romance and rental-deposit scams.
AfricaThe Central African Republic has serious security risks beyond financial scams, but visitors and online users should also be alert to checkpoint extortion, fake NGO/job schemes and mobile-money fraud.
AfricaChad's scam risks are dominated by checkpoint extortion, fake job and visa schemes, and mobile-money fraud rather than tourist-targeted scams, given low visitor numbers.
AfricaComoros sees mostly low-level tourist overcharging and boat-trip safety issues, alongside online romance and diaspora investment scams targeting Comorians abroad.
AfricaThe Republic of the Congo (Congo-Brazzaville) sees checkpoint extortion, fake oil/timber business deals and mobile-money fraud, with tourist scams concentrated around Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire.
CaribbeanCuba is generally safe from violent crime but well known for tourist-targeted scams like the 'jinetero' hustle, cigar and rum counterfeits, and currency exchange tricks, plus growing online romance and remittance fraud.
AfricaDjibouti's small tourism sector sees mostly taxi and guide overcharging, while its role as a shipping and military hub creates targeted fake freight, customs and job scams online.
CaribbeanDominica has low tourist-crime rates but has seen real-world fraud around its Citizenship by Investment program, alongside common Caribbean-wide romance and lottery scams online.
AfricaEquatorial Guinea's oil-driven economy attracts fake business and investment scams targeting foreign investors, while visitors face strict visa/paperwork requirements exploited by fixers.
AfricaEritrea's isolated, tightly controlled economy limits tourist-scam exposure but creates fertile ground for diaspora-targeted remittance fraud, fake exit-visa 'fixers' and online romance scams.
AfricaEswatini is a relatively safe tourist destination with occasional overcharging at markets and craft fairs, while online romance scams and Ponzi-style investment clubs pose the bigger financial risks.
AfricaGabon's oil wealth and eco-tourism sector create both fake investment schemes targeting foreign businesspeople and overcharging risks for visitors to national parks like Loango.
AfricaThe Gambia's beach-resort tourism economy sees persistent 'bumster' hustling and craft-market overcharging, alongside online romance scams targeting foreign visitors and diaspora members.
CaribbeanGrenada is a low-crime Caribbean destination where the main risks are taxi and excursion overcharging plus Citizenship by Investment fraud from unauthorized agents and online lottery/romance scams.
AfricaGuinea sees mining- and visa-related investment fraud, mobile money scams, and opportunistic tourist overcharging around Conakry and border crossings.
AfricaGuinea-Bissau's limited banking infrastructure and cash economy make it a target for advance-fee, mobile money and cashew-trade investment fraud.
South AmericaGuyana's oil-driven investment boom has brought a surge in fake oil-and-gas investment schemes alongside long-running lottery, romance and land-deal fraud.
CaribbeanHaiti's severe security and economic instability has fueled remittance fraud, fake NGO/charity schemes, and kidnapping-related extortion targeting families abroad.
Middle EastSanctions and currency instability in Iran have driven widespread forex and crypto investment fraud, alongside carpet and bazaar overcharging aimed at tourists.
Middle EastIraq's reconstruction-era economy has drawn fake oil, land and reconstruction investment schemes, alongside checkpoint and currency-exchange fraud affecting travelers.
AfricaIvory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) is a historical hub for advance-fee '419'-style fraud, with cocoa-trade investment scams and mobile money fraud also widespread today.
OceaniaKiribati's small, dispersed population and limited banking access make remittance fraud and offshore lottery/inheritance scams the main risks, with tourist scams rare.
EuropeKosovo faces diaspora-targeted remittance and property fraud, online marketplace scams, and rising fake crypto/forex investment schemes among younger residents.
AsiaKyrgyzstan sees widespread mobile phone and card-skimming fraud, labor-migration recruitment scams targeting workers bound for Russia, and Bishkek bazaar overcharging.
AfricaLesotho's close economic ties to South Africa mean cross-border remittance fraud, fake mining/textile investment schemes, and mobile money scams dominate.
AfricaLiberia sees fake mining and timber investment fraud, mobile money scams, and NGO-impersonation schemes, reflecting its post-conflict aid- and resource-driven economy.
AfricaLibya's fractured governance since 2011 has enabled fake oil-contract fraud, militia-linked extortion, and widespread currency and fuel black-market scams.
EuropeLiechtenstein's status as a wealth-management and banking hub makes it a target for fake private-banking and shell-company investment fraud rather than street crime.
AfricaMadagascar sees fake vanilla and gemstone export deals targeting foreign buyers, mobile money fraud, and tourist overcharging around Antananarivo and national parks.
AfricaMalawi sees mobile money fraud, safari and lodge booking scams, and online romance schemes targeting foreigners alongside NGO/volunteer placement fraud.
AfricaMali's security situation limits tourism, but online romance fraud, fake gold/mining investment schemes and mobile money scams remain the main risks for residents and the diaspora.
OceaniaThe Marshall Islands sees relatively few tourist scams due to low visitor numbers, but residents face online romance fraud, fake remittance schemes and offshore company/shell-corporation abuse tied to its corporate registry.
AfricaMauritania's small tourism sector centered on desert tours and Nouakchott sees guide and vehicle-rental scams, while mobile money fraud and fake iron-ore or fishing investment schemes target residents.
AfricaMauritius's large resort tourism industry sees timeshare and excursion scams, while its offshore financial center attracts forex and crypto investment fraud targeting both locals and international investors.
OceaniaThe Federated States of Micronesia has minimal tourist scam activity given low visitor numbers, but residents and the diaspora face online romance fraud, phishing and remittance scams tied to close US ties.
EuropeMonaco's wealthy, high-profile setting draws luxury rental fraud, fake casino/VIP ticket scams and sophisticated investment fraud targeting high-net-worth visitors and residents.
AfricaNamibia's self-drive safari tourism sees vehicle rental and fake accommodation scams, alongside mobile banking fraud and fake diamond or mining investment schemes.
OceaniaNauru has almost no organized tourist scam activity given minimal tourism, but residents face online romance fraud, phishing and remittance scams common across the Pacific.
AmericasNicaragua's growing tourism to Granada, Leon and the beaches sees taxi overcharging, fake property/real estate scams targeting expats, and online romance and investment fraud.
AfricaNiger's limited tourism combined with a challenging security environment means the main risks are mobile money fraud, fake gold/uranium investment schemes and job scams targeting the diaspora.
AsiaNorth Korea is a unique case: independent tourism operates only through tightly state-controlled tour packages, and the country is also globally known as a state actor in cryptocurrency theft and cyber fraud.
EuropeNorth Macedonia's Lake Ohrid tourism sees taxi and excursion overcharging, while the country has drawn international attention as a hub for online call-center and forex/crypto investment fraud operations.
OceaniaPalau's high-value dive tourism sees fake dive operator and liveaboard booking scams, while residents face phishing and romance fraud common across the Pacific.
Middle EastPalestinian territories see religious-tourism related overcharging in Bethlehem and Jerusalem-area sites, alongside online romance fraud, fake charity solicitation and remittance scams targeting the diaspora.
OceaniaPapua New Guinea's scam risk centres on street-level cash scams in Port Moresby and Lae, mobile-money fraud, and online job/romance scams targeting the diaspora and NGO/resource-sector workers.
EuropeRussia's scam landscape is dominated by phone-based 'bank security' and 'law enforcement' impersonation fraud, online marketplace scams, and investment schemes, with limited recourse for foreign victims given current diplomatic conditions.
CaribbeanSaint Kitts and Nevis sees mostly low-level tourist overcharging and online scams, alongside scrutiny of its Citizenship-by-Investment programme, which has attracted fraudulent 'agent' schemes.
CaribbeanSaint Lucia's main scam risks for visitors are taxi and vendor overcharging, timeshare pressure sales, and unlicensed excursion operators, alongside online romance and phishing scams affecting residents.
CaribbeanSaint Vincent and the Grenadines sees mostly minor tourist overcharging around water taxis and yacht charters, plus online romance and phishing scams affecting residents and the yachting community.
OceaniaSamoa sees low levels of tourist-targeted fraud beyond taxi and tour overcharging, with a growing share of scam reports involving online romance and job-offer fraud aimed at Samoans and the diaspora.
EuropeSan Marino sees mostly minor tourist overcharging around its historic centre, alongside broader European-style online phishing and investment scams affecting residents.
AfricaSao Tome and Principe sees low-level tourist overcharging around taxis and guides, and a small but growing exposure to online romance and job-offer fraud.
AfricaSeychelles' scam risk for visitors is mostly limited to taxi and excursion overcharging, while its status as a financial and offshore-company hub has drawn scrutiny for misuse in international investment fraud.
AfricaSierra Leone's scam risk centres on mobile-money fraud, fake diamond/gold and mining investment deals, and online job and romance scams targeting locals and the diaspora.
OceaniaSolomon Islands sees low-level tourist overcharging around Honiara and dive sites, with a growing exposure to online job and romance scams targeting residents and NGO/resource-sector workers.
AfricaSomalia's fraud risk is dominated by mobile-money scams, fake remittance and diaspora-targeted fraud, and business/customs extortion, against a backdrop of limited formal banking and law enforcement.
AfricaSouth Sudan's fraud risk centres on mobile-money scams, fake NGO/aid-sector job offers, and fraudulent business, land and oil-related investment deals targeting foreign investors, against a backdrop of minimal formal financial and law-enforcement infrastructure.
AfricaSudan's fraud landscape includes mobile-money and bank-transfer scams, fake gold-trade deals, and fraudulent business or remittance schemes, compounded by disruption to banking and law enforcement from ongoing conflict.
AmericasSuriname's scam risk includes gold-mining investment fraud, taxi and tour overcharging in Paramaribo and the interior, and online phishing and romance scams affecting residents.
Middle EastSyria's ongoing conflict and reconstruction period have created fertile ground for fake aid, remittance and property fraud targeting both residents and the Syrian diaspora abroad.
AsiaTajikistan sees relatively low tourist crime but labor-migration fraud targeting workers heading to Russia is a major and well-documented risk for its citizens.
AsiaTimor-Leste has low reported tourist crime but its cash-based, dollarized economy and limited digital-fraud infrastructure make online and remittance scams a growing concern.
AfricaTogo has a long-standing association with West African advance-fee (419-style) internet fraud, alongside everyday tourist overcharging and taxi scams in Lomé.
OceaniaTonga has very low crime overall, with the main scam risks being online fraud reaching Tongans through social media and remittance-related fraud affecting the large diaspora.
AsiaTurkmenistan's tightly controlled economy and restricted internet mean tourist scams are rare, but currency exchange manipulation and visa/tour-booking fraud are notable risks.
OceaniaTuvalu has almost no in-person tourist crime given its tiny visitor numbers, but its distinctive '.tv' domain and offshore-registry history have made it a repeated backdrop for online and registration-related scams.
OceaniaVanuatu is generally safe for tourists but has a well-documented history as a hub for offshore forex and investment fraud, plus a Citizenship-by-Investment program that has attracted its own scrutiny.
EuropeVatican City itself has minimal resident-facing crime, but the huge tourist crowds around St. Peter's Square are a magnet for pickpocketing, fake-guide and ticket scams centered on the Vatican Museums.
Middle EastYemen's ongoing civil war has virtually eliminated tourism and severely damaged its banking system, so scams there mainly target the Yemeni diaspora through fake aid, remittance and recruitment fraud.